Bone Shaker or the Pedal-Bicycle
In 1863 Pierre Michaux from Paris developed the Michaux Velocipede, also known as the "Bone-shaker". The Bone Shaker was a simpler design compared to Macmillan's and it consisted of metal frames reducing its weight and allowing mass-production made. Due to this invention, Pierre Michaux was really popular and commercially successful. The fashion of "Boneshaker" lasted until 1870. The Boneshaker had an average weight of just 60 pounds and was capable of eight miles per hour but riding them was not easy. Mounting was a problem, early manuals advised running alongside and vaulting into the saddle. The size of the front wheel made the pedal action unpleasantly fast; to keep them on a straight course the rider had to resist the sideways movement of the front wheel as he pressed down on the pedals. The cost of the Boneshaker was around $100 to buy so it was unaffordable for the working classes.